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New Delhi: A new study published in Neurology Open Access has found that people who develop Infectious Mononucleosis—commonly known as mono—may face nearly three times the risk of developing Multiple Sclerosis (MS) later in life.

The findings add to growing scientific evidence linking viral infections, particularly the Epstein-Barr Virus infection (EBV), to long-term neurological conditions. However, experts stress that the study shows an association—not direct causation.

What the study reveals

Researchers analysed over two decades of health data and found that individuals with a history of mono had a significantly higher incidence of MS.

• Around 0.17% of those with mono developed MS
• Compared to 0.07% among those without mono

This suggests a nearly threefold increase in risk. Scientists believe EBV may act as a trigger in genetically or environmentally susceptible individuals.

Understanding the EBV–MS connection

EBV is one of the most widespread human viruses, infecting up to 90–95% of adults globally. While many infections are mild or asymptomatic, it can cause mono when contracted later in life.

Scientists suspect a mechanism called Molecular Mimicry, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own nerve cells after fighting the virus.

Previous landmark research has even suggested that EBV infection could increase MS risk by up to 32 times, making it one of the strongest known risk factors.

Symptoms of mono to watch for

Symptoms of mono usually appear 4–6 weeks after infection and can include:

• Extreme fatigue
• Fever
• Sore throat
• Swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck)
• Headaches and body aches
• Enlarged spleen

While most people recover within weeks, fatigue can persist longer.

Risk factors for mono and MS

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing mono or complications:

For mono:

• Teenagers and young adults
• Close contact (spread through saliva)
• Weakened immune system

For MS:

• Genetic predisposition
• Low vitamin D levels
• Smoking
• Obesity and environmental triggers

MS is more common in women and typically develops between ages 20 and 50.

Treatment and care for mono

There is no specific cure for mono, and treatment focuses on symptom relief:

• Adequate rest
• Staying hydrated
• Pain and fever management
• Avoiding strenuous activity (to prevent spleen complications)

Most individuals recover fully, though some may require medical supervision for prolonged symptoms.

Why this research matters

The study highlights how common viral infections may have long-term health implications. While most people with EBV will never develop MS, understanding this link could help scientists develop preventive strategies, including vaccines or targeted therapies.

Importantly, experts emphasise that having mono does not mean a person will develop MS. Instead, the findings underscore the need for awareness, early diagnosis and continued research into how infections influence chronic diseases.